УЧЕБНИК АГАБЕКЯН И.П.
понедельник, 21 ноября 2022 г.
четверг, 17 ноября 2022 г.
Artificial Intelligence
Блок 7. ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ
1. | |
2. | |
3. | |
4. | |
5. |
In the public eye advances in chess-playing computer programs were symbolic of early progress in AI. In 1948 British mathematician Alan Turing developed a chess algorithm for use with calculating machines. Ten years later American mathematician Claude Shannon articulated two chess-playing algorithms: brute force, in which all possible moves and their consequences are calculated as far into the future as possible; and selective mode, in which only the most promising moves and their more immediate consequences are evaluated.
In 1988 Hitech, a program developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, defeated former U.S. champion Arnold Denker in a four-game match, becoming the first computer to defeat a grandmaster. A year later, Gary Kasparov, the reigning world champion, bested Deep Thought, a program developed by the IBM Corp., in a two-game exhibition. In 1990 the German computer Mephisto-Portrose became the first program to defeat a former world champion; while playing an exhibition of 24 simultaneous games, Anatoly Karpov bested 23 human opponents but lost to the computer.
Kasparov in 1996 became the first reigning world champion to lose to a computer in a game played with regulation time controls; the Deep Blue computer, developed by the IBM Corp., won the first game of the match, lost the second, drew the third and fourth, and lost the fifth and sixth. Deep Blue used the brute force approach, evaluating more than 100 billion chess positions each turn while looking six moves ahead; it coupled this with the most efficient chess evaluation software yet developed and an extensive library of chess games it could analyze as part of the decision process.
Subsequent matches between Vladimir Kramnik and Deep Fritz (2002, 2006) and Kasparov and Deep Junior (2003) resulted in two ties and a win for the programs. Unlike Deep Blue, which was a specially designed computer, these more recent computer challengers were chess programs running on powerful personal computers. Such programs have become an important tool in chess, and are used by chess masters to analyze games and experiment with new moves.
Another notable IBM AI computer, Watson, competed in 2011 on the «Jeopardy!» television quiz show, defeating two human champions. Watson, about 100 times faster than Deep Blue, was designed to process questions in natural human language (as opposed to simple commands), making sense of the quirky questions’ complexity and ambiguity, and to search an extensive database to quickly provide the correct answers. Watson is a prototype for programs or services that can act as knowledgeable assistants, or even human substitutes, in such different fields as medicine, catalog sales, and computer technical support.
2. Fill in the verbs from the text.
1. Artificial intelligence is the use of computers to … the behavioral aspects of human reasoning and learning.
2. In 1948 British mathematician Alan Turing … a chess algorithm for use with calculating machines.
3. The Deep Blue computer, developed by the IBM Corp., … the first game of the match, … the second, … the third and fourth, and … the fifth and sixth.
4. Deep Blue used the brute force approach, … more than 100 billion chess positions each turn while looking six moves ahead.
5. Watson, about 100 times faster than Deep Blue, was designed to … questions in natural human language.
3. Visit the Web sites and develop a Timeline on the history of Artificial Intelligence development.
Suggested online resource:
http://www.answers.com/topic/artificial-intelligence#ixzz1keufgmko
4. Read the text ROBOTS and match the terms 1-7 with the statements A-G.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
1. | robot | A. | Man-like machines, whose basic components are similar to a human body. |
2. | automata | B. | Electric or pneumatic motors or systems which create the movement. |
3. | joints | C. | A computer-programmed machine that performs actions, manipulates objects, etc. in a precise and, in many cases, repetitive way. |
4. | actuators | D. | Sensors, which transmit information to the central system in order to locate objects or adjust movements. |
5. | end effectors | E. | Mechanical links, which connect movable parts. |
6. | infrared controls | F. | The brain that directs the actions. |
7. | computer system | G. | Hands, usually tools or grippers. |
ROBOTS
A robot is a computer-programmed machine that performs actions, manipulates objects, etc. in a precise and, in many cases, repetitive way.
Robots may be automata, or man-like machines, whose basic components are similar to a human body.
They have mechanical links, joints, which connect their movable parts. Their heart and muscles are the electric or pneumatic motors or systems, the actuators, which create the movement. Robots also have hands, usually tools or grippers, called end effectors. They may be equipped with cameras or infrared controls, sensors, which transmit information to the central system in order to locate objects or adjust movements. Finally, robots depend on a computer system, the brain that directs the actions.
5. Complete the following article with words from the text ROBOTS.
ACTION ROBOT TO COPY HUMAN BRAIN
Scientists at Aberystwyth University are working on a machine which they hope will recognize objects with cameras that will work as 1_________, and retrieve objects with an arm that will be its 2 ____________.
Although the arm will have 3 ________ that will link its muscles and an electric motor that will be the 4 ________, this new 5 ________ won’t move like a human, i.e. it won’t be like the 6 _________ of science-fiction films Star Wars C3PO. It will be desk based: no walking, or climbing stairs.
The team hopes to discover how the brain performs ‘multi-tasking’ and to use that information to develop the 7 _________ to create a robot that can think for itself.
6. Read the text about Artificial Intelligence. Complete the extracts with the words from the text.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science that tries to recreate the human thought process and build machines that perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. It has several applications.
Androids are anthropomorphic robots designed to look and behave like a human being. Most androids can walk, talk and understand human speech. Some react to gestures and voice inflection. Some ‘learn’ from the environment: they store information and adapt their behaviour according to a previous experience.
Expert systems is the term given to computer software that mimics human reasoning, by using a set of rules to analyze data and reach conclusions. Some expert systems help doctors diagnose illnesses based on symptoms.
Neural networks are a new concept in computer programming, designed to replicate the human ability to handle ambiguity by learning from trial and error. They use silicon neurons to imitate the functions of brain cells and usually involve a great number of processors working at the same time.
The term 1 ___________ is defined as the automation of intelligent behaviour, but can 2 ____________ really be intelligent?
3 _____________ are made of units that resemble neurons. They are often used to simulate brain activity and are effective at predicting events.
4 _________ also known as knowledge-based systems, mirror the structure of an expert’s thought.
WRITING ACTIVITIES
The word robot comes from robota, meaning compulsory labour in Czech; similarly, robots are helpful in activities which are too dangerous, too boring or too precise for human beings.
For example, robotic arms, telescopic or bending arms, are widely used in the automobile industry to paint, weld and assemble car parts. Robots are also used in electronic assembly of microchips where precision of movements is essential. Surgical robots, which help human surgeons, are programmed to assist in very delicate microsurgery operations or mimic the surgeons’ movements in telesurgery operations.
Conduct a study about different spheres robots are used in. Write a report.
воскресенье, 6 ноября 2022 г.
Prepositions
Prepositions
1.
The book is... the table. 2. The lamp is... the table. 3. The girl is...
the table. 4. The man is... the chair. 5. The book is... the bag. 6. The pencil
is... the desk. 7. My house is ... the street. 8. The blackboard is ... the
classroom. 9. The chair is ... the table. 10. We sit ... the table. 11. There
is a lamp ...the desk. 12. Please, sit down ...the table. 13. A sport
ground is ...our school. 14. Push
kin street is ... Lenin street and Sadovaya
street. 15. We have lunch ... 11 o'clockand 12
o'clock. 16. The bridge is ... the Don River.
17. There is a
picture... the wall. 18. What street do you live..? 19. ... Sunday we of ten
swim... the river. 20. Last week he went... Moscow. 21.They will go... the
college tomorrow. 22. She goes... work... bus. 23. My brother stayed...
home... the evening. 24. Many people travel... train. 25.I see many books... the
table and ...the bookcase. 26. I was born... the first... October. 27. Our
lessons begin... nine o'clock... the morning. 28. He took some books... the table
and put them... his bag. 29. We went... home... foot. 30. They often go... a
walk... the park. 31. My father ' works... the plant. 32. I don't like to
sit... the window. 33. She stood... and went... the room. 34. Usually I get
up... 7 o'clock, put... my dress and go... the kitchen. 35. My friend goes sports
and I am fond... music. 36.... summer we spend much time... the open.
Task 3 Translate into English
1. В воскресенье у нас нет у
роков.
2. Мы живем в Самаре, на улице Чехова.
3. Переведите этот текст с английского на русский.
4. Уроки начинаются в 9 часов.
5. Возьмите эту книгу у него.
6. Дайте эту книгу ему.
7. На столе была книга.
8. Мы работаем с 8 утра до 6 вечера.
9. Учитель вошел, взял книгу со стола и вышел из класса.
10. Мы работали а течение урока.
1. Заполните пропуски предлогами там, где это необходимо.
1. When did you return … home … the theatre?
2. There was a door … the end … the corridor.
3. Is the metro station far … your house?
4. I sat down … a bench … the monument … Columbus.
5. Early … the morning many lorries passed … our houses.
6. One … our friends lives … this street, near … the bus stop.
7. We enjoyed … our life … the South.
8. Would you like to join … us?
9. The children ran … the room … a great noise.
2. Выберите правильный вариант.
1. I hear he is looking at/for/after a job.
2. Could everyone please look at/for/after the lost keys?
3. My sister looks at/for/after the kids on Saturday
4. Why is she looking at/for/after me like that?
5. Look at/for/after those lovely flowers over there.
6. I’m looking at/ for/ after Tom. Have you seen him somewhere today?
7. This is very valuable. Please look at/for/after it.
8. I have lost my key. I’d better look at/for/after it.
9. I’ll see you again soon. Look at/for/ after yourself.
10. In the museum a lot of people were looking at/for/after the beautiful painting.
3. Зaполните пропуски предлогами.
Dover is a large town … the south east … England. It is a big busy port and an important link … Britain and Europe. Dover is sometimes called «the gateway … Europe». Cars, ferries, hovercraft and boats go … and … … the port every day.
There are many interesting places to see … Dover. There is a Roman lighthouse and remains … a Roman house. There is also an old castle … top … Castle Hill. If you like flowers and trees, there are some very beautiful gardens … the centre … the town. Dower is also famous … its chalk cliffs-the famous «White Cliffs of Dover».
4. Заполните пропуски необходимыми предлогами.
1. A few days ago I saw an interesting program … television.
2. «Winnie-the-Pooh» was written … A. Milne.
3. It’s often faster to walk than to go … bus.
4. You shouldn’t be anger … him.
5. It all depends … you.
6. This is only one problem … thousands of others in our city.
7. Sam left his car … the end of the street.
8. . ,I’ll see you … Friday … five o’clock
9. Scotland is famous … wool and whiskey.
5.Определите какой из 3х предлогов at, in, on подходит ко всем предложениям. Вставьте его вместо точек и перескажите текст по-английски.
Alone in the house.
Louise was at home alone last night for the first time, and she was frightened. Her brother was … a baseball game. Her parents were … meeting … her school. Louise decided to call her friends and invite them to come over and visit. Unfortunately, her friends weren’t home. Not one of them. Her friend Patty was … the movies … the cinema. Melissa was … the library. In the end, she called her friends Sane and Susan, but they weren’t home either. Jane and Susan were … a concert.
Числительные, оборот there is/are, many, much, little, few
Числительные
Translate into English
1. Век, год, месяц, неделя, час, минута,
секунда.
2. Понедельник, вторник, среда, четверг,
пятница, суббота, воскресенье.
3. Январь, февраль, март, апрель, май, июнь,
июль, август, сентябрь, октябрь, ноябрь, декабрь.
4. Весна, лето, осень, зима.
5. Вчера, позавчера, сегодня, сегодня вечером,
завтра, послезавтра, две недели, с 8 до 9, полчаса, 5 дней назад, пора делать
что-л, в течении часа, вовремя(2), в середине, на этой неделе, на следующей
неделе, на прошлой неделе.
6. 1 сентября 2018 года
7. Страница 20
8. Одна вторая
9. Ноль целых одна десятая
10. Без двадцати двенадцать
11. Четверть минут шестого
12. Половина восьмого
13. Десять минут второго
14. 230452
15. 567008
16. Который сейчас час? Сейчас без четверти
семь.
17. Мои часы спешат на пять минут.
18. Ваши часы отстают на пять минут.
19. Какой сегодня день? Сегодня пятница.
20. Какое сегодня число? Сегодня 12 октября.
Оборот There is/are
Put questions to the next sentences:
1.
There are some new pupils in our group.
2.
There is no book on the table.
3.
There were many old houses in our street.
4.
There are 4 seasons in a year.
5.
There will be a conference next week.
6.
There are many large cities in our country.
7.
There was nobody in the room.
8.
There are 7 days in a week.
9.
There is something on the shelf.
10.
There are many places of interest in London.
11.
There are many beautiful flowers in our garden.
12.
There was much work last week.
Write in Past and Future
1.
There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 5 theatres in our city. 3. There is
no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is
little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a
map on the wall.
many, little, few, a little, a few
Use much, many, little,
few, a little, a few.
1.
Have you got... time before the lesson? 2. She gave him... water to wash his
hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he went to the library.
4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5.1 like it here. Let's stay
here... longer. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time
learning them. 7. There was... sugar in the bowl, and we put ... sugar there.
8. I know French... and I can help you with the translation of this text. 10.
When we walked ... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11.
I want to say... words about my travelling.
Translate into English
Много тетрадей, много
молока, много воды, много дней, много газет,/много мела, много снега, много
лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много
мяса, много комнат^ много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц,
много машин.
Test, quizlet, padlet
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Quizlet
Работа с текстом «Travelling»
Великобритания.
Работа с текстом Great Britain. Padlet
Present
perfect. (утвердительная
форма) Test on UK elementary
Работа с текстом London. Glogster
Сравнение видовременных форм глагола. Словообразование.
Политическое устройство Великобритании. Просмотр
видеофильма. Padlet Введение новой лексики
Past perfect (вопросительная и отрицательные формы)
Работа с
устной темой
«Экология» Padlet
Сравнение видовременных форм глагола.
Future Perfect Continuous. Ecology test
Работа с текстом «The protection of nature». Miro доска
Сравнение видовременных форм глагола.
четверг, 28 апреля 2022 г.
PARTICIPLE
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В русском языке ему соответствуют причастие и деепричастие.
У английских глаголов есть 2 формы причастия – настоящая и прошедшая
Participle Причастие | |
Present Participle -наст. Participle I (Verb + -ing) активное значение | Past Participle- прошед. Participle II (Verb + -ed/V3) страдательное значение. |
flying (летящий) playing (играющий) running (бегущий) sleeping (спящий) working (работающий) | played (сыгранный) stopped (остановленный) broken (сломанный) read (прочитанный) sold (проданный) |
В английском языке причастие настоящего времени имеет активное значение, а причастие прошедшего времени – пассивное.
1. The film was interesting. (active meaning) – Фильм был интересный.
2. I was interested by the film. (passive meaning) – Я был заинтересован фильмом.
1. It was a boring party. (active meaning)
2. Everyone at the party was bored. (passive meaning)
active meaning | passive meaning |
alarming (тревожащий) | alarmed (встревоженный) |
astonishing (изумляющий) | astonished (изумленный) |
disappointing (разочаровывающий) | disappointed (разочарованный) |
exciting (волнующий) | excited (взволнованный) |
exhausting (изнуряющий) | exhausted (изнуренный) |
humiliating (унижающий) | humiliated (униженный |
Если вы используете Participle I (V-ing), вы описываете человека или вещь.
The teacher was boring I nearly felt asleep.
Если вы используете Participle II (V-ed), вы говорите о том, что чувствуете вы или другой человек.
exciting – excited
I think football is a very exciting game. Я думаю, футбол – увлекательная игра.
Everyone at the stadium is so excited. Все на стадионе были увлечены.
Interesting – interested
I think being a nurse must be a very interesting job. Я думаю, работа медсестры очень интересная.
I am interested in looking after people. Мне интересно ухаживать за людьми.
Annoying – annoyed
My neighbors are very annoying. Мои соседи очень надоедливые.
They always play loud music and I am annoyed. Они всегда очень громко музицируют, и я раздражен.
Frightening – frightened
That horror film was too frightening for me. Этот фильм ужасов был очень пугающим для меня.
I was frightened even with the music in it. Меня пугала даже музыка в нем.
Participle может быть Simple или Perfect, в действительном или страдательном залоге.
Упражнение 1
Прочитайте предложения. Назовите причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени.
- He has flown to London three times.
- The sun was shining so I went for a walk.
- The man wearing a black suit is our teacher.
- The movie was extremely exciting.
- That girl looks lost.
- They have just arrived.
Упражнение 2
Выберите правильную форму и вставьте в предложение.
1. interesting/interested
This exercise is ________.
2. exciting/excited
On Christmas Eve, many children are so ______ that they stay up all night.
3. annoying/annoyed
My friend has a very ______ habit.
4. tiring/tired
I had such a ______ day I went straight to bed.
5. relaxing/relaxed
We were_________ after our holidays.
6. disgusting/disgusted
Their hamburgers are ________ .
7. satisfying/satisfied
I'm not __________ with my job.
8. boring/bored
George always talks about the same things, he is so __________.
9. disappointing/disappointed
I like this actor but the film was _________.
10.confusing/confused
English grammar can be________.
Упражнение 3
Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Participle and translate the expressions into Russian.
1. _______dogs (bark)
2. _______children (play)
3.________ girls (scream)
4._________ women (dance)
5. ________ducks (swim)
6.________ babies (cry)
7. ________water (run)
Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Participle and translate the expressions into Russian.
1.________ watches (repair)
2. ________сomputers (break)
3. _________students (bore)
4. __________doctors (worry)
5. _________boys (confuse)
6. _________exercises (write)
Упражнение 5
Open the brackets and fill in with the proper participle
1. He fell asleep (exhaust) by the journey.
2. She entered the dining room (accompany) by her husband and her father.
3. A snake (sleep) in the grass will bite if anyone treads upon it.
4. (Fill) his pockets with apples the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.
5. It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer (promise) heat.
6. When I came home, I found the table (lay).
7. (Judge) by the colour of the sun it should be windy tomorrow.
8. (Arrive) at a big seaport, I started to look for a job.
9. He had received an urgent message (ask) him to telephone Sir Matthew.
10. He looked at groups of young girls (walk) arm in arm.
11. In the wood they sat down on a (fall) tree.
12. (See) from the hill the city looks magnificent.
13. (Not know) where to go he turned to a passerby.
14. (Lock) in her room she threw a fit.
15. (Address) the parcel, I went out at once to post it.
16. She often took care of my little sister (give) me a possibility to play with other boys.
17. (Wash) her face in cold water, she came up to the window and shut it.
18. Paul sat down again, evidently (change) his mind about going.
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