понедельник, 6 февраля 2023 г.
RUSSIA
I live in Russia. Russia is my native country. The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies one seventh of the Earth's surface. It is situated both in Europe and Asia. The total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic oceans. Our neighbours in the south are China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west we have borders with Norway, Finland, Belarus and the Ukraine. There is no country in the world like Russia, with the steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There is a great number of rivers in Russia. The Volga, the longest in Europe river, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob', the Yenisey and the Lena flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific ocean. The deepest lake in the world is Baikal. The water in the lake is so clear, that you can see the stones on the bottom. Because of the vast territory there are various types of climate in the country. The climate varies greatly in different regions.
Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
Russia is a parliamentary republic with the strong power of the President who is the head of the state. The State Duma and the Council of Federation are the legislative branch of the government.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is the largest political, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.
The national banner of Russia is a tricolour with white, blue and red stripes.
2. Выучите слова
native country — страна рождения, Родина
to occupy — занимать
surface — поверхность
highlands — возвышенности
to flow — течь
vast — обширный
copper — медь
legislative branch — законодательная ветвь (власти)
national banner — государственный флаг
stripes — полосы
3. Ответьте на вопросы письменно. Фото.
1) What is the size of Russia?
2) What oceans is Russia washed by?
3) What are the neighbouring countries of Russia?
4) What are the main rivers of Russia?
5) What are the natural resources of Russia?
6) What does the national banner of Russia look like?
4. Посмотрите видео о России
4. Посмотрите видео о России
5. Подготовьте сообщение на тему "Russia".
вторник, 6 декабря 2022 г.
18. Степени сравнения прилагательных
https://quizlet.com/548964095/test
Degrees of comparison
Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль.
В предложениях со степенями сравнения прилагательных и наречий используются следующие союзы:
as ... as - такой же ... как
not so ... as - не такой ... как
Запомните выражение:
The more we learn the more we know. - Чем больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.
The sooner the better. - Чем раньше, тем лучше.
Home task
Задание 7.1. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень от следующих прилагательных и наречий.
1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far.
2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly.
Задание 7.2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today the wind is as strong as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day. 11. The less people think, the more they talk.
Задание 7.3. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную степень прилагательного/наречия.
1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than St.Petersburg. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. Your son worked (well) of all. 12. Today you worked (slowly) than usually.
Задание 7.4. Переведите предложения.
1. Чарльз Диккенс — один из самых известных писателей в мире.
2. Этот рассказ интереснее, чем тот.
3. Ваш дом выше нашего? Нет, он такой же высокий, как и ваш.
4. Это — самая прекрасная картина во всей коллекции.
5. Российская Федерации больше Великобритании.
6. Он сделал работу быстрее, чем вы.
7. Чем больше вы работаете, тем легче сдавать экзамены.
8. Его работа лучше вашей, но работа Анны — самая лучшая.
9. Россия — самая большая страна в мире.
10.Я живу не так далеко от института, как мой друг.
11.В июле столько же дней, сколько и в августе.
12.Самолет быстрее, чем поезд.
___________________________________________________
Для самостоятельной работы
понедельник, 21 ноября 2022 г.
четверг, 17 ноября 2022 г.
Artificial Intelligence
Блок 7. ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ
1. | |
2. | |
3. | |
4. | |
5. |
In the public eye advances in chess-playing computer programs were symbolic of early progress in AI. In 1948 British mathematician Alan Turing developed a chess algorithm for use with calculating machines. Ten years later American mathematician Claude Shannon articulated two chess-playing algorithms: brute force, in which all possible moves and their consequences are calculated as far into the future as possible; and selective mode, in which only the most promising moves and their more immediate consequences are evaluated.
In 1988 Hitech, a program developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, defeated former U.S. champion Arnold Denker in a four-game match, becoming the first computer to defeat a grandmaster. A year later, Gary Kasparov, the reigning world champion, bested Deep Thought, a program developed by the IBM Corp., in a two-game exhibition. In 1990 the German computer Mephisto-Portrose became the first program to defeat a former world champion; while playing an exhibition of 24 simultaneous games, Anatoly Karpov bested 23 human opponents but lost to the computer.
Kasparov in 1996 became the first reigning world champion to lose to a computer in a game played with regulation time controls; the Deep Blue computer, developed by the IBM Corp., won the first game of the match, lost the second, drew the third and fourth, and lost the fifth and sixth. Deep Blue used the brute force approach, evaluating more than 100 billion chess positions each turn while looking six moves ahead; it coupled this with the most efficient chess evaluation software yet developed and an extensive library of chess games it could analyze as part of the decision process.
Subsequent matches between Vladimir Kramnik and Deep Fritz (2002, 2006) and Kasparov and Deep Junior (2003) resulted in two ties and a win for the programs. Unlike Deep Blue, which was a specially designed computer, these more recent computer challengers were chess programs running on powerful personal computers. Such programs have become an important tool in chess, and are used by chess masters to analyze games and experiment with new moves.
Another notable IBM AI computer, Watson, competed in 2011 on the «Jeopardy!» television quiz show, defeating two human champions. Watson, about 100 times faster than Deep Blue, was designed to process questions in natural human language (as opposed to simple commands), making sense of the quirky questions’ complexity and ambiguity, and to search an extensive database to quickly provide the correct answers. Watson is a prototype for programs or services that can act as knowledgeable assistants, or even human substitutes, in such different fields as medicine, catalog sales, and computer technical support.
2. Fill in the verbs from the text.
1. Artificial intelligence is the use of computers to … the behavioral aspects of human reasoning and learning.
2. In 1948 British mathematician Alan Turing … a chess algorithm for use with calculating machines.
3. The Deep Blue computer, developed by the IBM Corp., … the first game of the match, … the second, … the third and fourth, and … the fifth and sixth.
4. Deep Blue used the brute force approach, … more than 100 billion chess positions each turn while looking six moves ahead.
5. Watson, about 100 times faster than Deep Blue, was designed to … questions in natural human language.
3. Visit the Web sites and develop a Timeline on the history of Artificial Intelligence development.
Suggested online resource:
http://www.answers.com/topic/artificial-intelligence#ixzz1keufgmko
4. Read the text ROBOTS and match the terms 1-7 with the statements A-G.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
1. | robot | A. | Man-like machines, whose basic components are similar to a human body. |
2. | automata | B. | Electric or pneumatic motors or systems which create the movement. |
3. | joints | C. | A computer-programmed machine that performs actions, manipulates objects, etc. in a precise and, in many cases, repetitive way. |
4. | actuators | D. | Sensors, which transmit information to the central system in order to locate objects or adjust movements. |
5. | end effectors | E. | Mechanical links, which connect movable parts. |
6. | infrared controls | F. | The brain that directs the actions. |
7. | computer system | G. | Hands, usually tools or grippers. |
ROBOTS
A robot is a computer-programmed machine that performs actions, manipulates objects, etc. in a precise and, in many cases, repetitive way.
Robots may be automata, or man-like machines, whose basic components are similar to a human body.
They have mechanical links, joints, which connect their movable parts. Their heart and muscles are the electric or pneumatic motors or systems, the actuators, which create the movement. Robots also have hands, usually tools or grippers, called end effectors. They may be equipped with cameras or infrared controls, sensors, which transmit information to the central system in order to locate objects or adjust movements. Finally, robots depend on a computer system, the brain that directs the actions.
5. Complete the following article with words from the text ROBOTS.
ACTION ROBOT TO COPY HUMAN BRAIN
Scientists at Aberystwyth University are working on a machine which they hope will recognize objects with cameras that will work as 1_________, and retrieve objects with an arm that will be its 2 ____________.
Although the arm will have 3 ________ that will link its muscles and an electric motor that will be the 4 ________, this new 5 ________ won’t move like a human, i.e. it won’t be like the 6 _________ of science-fiction films Star Wars C3PO. It will be desk based: no walking, or climbing stairs.
The team hopes to discover how the brain performs ‘multi-tasking’ and to use that information to develop the 7 _________ to create a robot that can think for itself.
6. Read the text about Artificial Intelligence. Complete the extracts with the words from the text.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science that tries to recreate the human thought process and build machines that perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. It has several applications.
Androids are anthropomorphic robots designed to look and behave like a human being. Most androids can walk, talk and understand human speech. Some react to gestures and voice inflection. Some ‘learn’ from the environment: they store information and adapt their behaviour according to a previous experience.
Expert systems is the term given to computer software that mimics human reasoning, by using a set of rules to analyze data and reach conclusions. Some expert systems help doctors diagnose illnesses based on symptoms.
Neural networks are a new concept in computer programming, designed to replicate the human ability to handle ambiguity by learning from trial and error. They use silicon neurons to imitate the functions of brain cells and usually involve a great number of processors working at the same time.
The term 1 ___________ is defined as the automation of intelligent behaviour, but can 2 ____________ really be intelligent?
3 _____________ are made of units that resemble neurons. They are often used to simulate brain activity and are effective at predicting events.
4 _________ also known as knowledge-based systems, mirror the structure of an expert’s thought.
WRITING ACTIVITIES
The word robot comes from robota, meaning compulsory labour in Czech; similarly, robots are helpful in activities which are too dangerous, too boring or too precise for human beings.
For example, robotic arms, telescopic or bending arms, are widely used in the automobile industry to paint, weld and assemble car parts. Robots are also used in electronic assembly of microchips where precision of movements is essential. Surgical robots, which help human surgeons, are programmed to assist in very delicate microsurgery operations or mimic the surgeons’ movements in telesurgery operations.
Conduct a study about different spheres robots are used in. Write a report.
воскресенье, 6 ноября 2022 г.
Prepositions
Prepositions
1.
The book is... the table. 2. The lamp is... the table. 3. The girl is...
the table. 4. The man is... the chair. 5. The book is... the bag. 6. The pencil
is... the desk. 7. My house is ... the street. 8. The blackboard is ... the
classroom. 9. The chair is ... the table. 10. We sit ... the table. 11. There
is a lamp ...the desk. 12. Please, sit down ...the table. 13. A sport
ground is ...our school. 14. Push
kin street is ... Lenin street and Sadovaya
street. 15. We have lunch ... 11 o'clockand 12
o'clock. 16. The bridge is ... the Don River.
17. There is a
picture... the wall. 18. What street do you live..? 19. ... Sunday we of ten
swim... the river. 20. Last week he went... Moscow. 21.They will go... the
college tomorrow. 22. She goes... work... bus. 23. My brother stayed...
home... the evening. 24. Many people travel... train. 25.I see many books... the
table and ...the bookcase. 26. I was born... the first... October. 27. Our
lessons begin... nine o'clock... the morning. 28. He took some books... the table
and put them... his bag. 29. We went... home... foot. 30. They often go... a
walk... the park. 31. My father ' works... the plant. 32. I don't like to
sit... the window. 33. She stood... and went... the room. 34. Usually I get
up... 7 o'clock, put... my dress and go... the kitchen. 35. My friend goes sports
and I am fond... music. 36.... summer we spend much time... the open.
Task 3 Translate into English
1. В воскресенье у нас нет у
роков.
2. Мы живем в Самаре, на улице Чехова.
3. Переведите этот текст с английского на русский.
4. Уроки начинаются в 9 часов.
5. Возьмите эту книгу у него.
6. Дайте эту книгу ему.
7. На столе была книга.
8. Мы работаем с 8 утра до 6 вечера.
9. Учитель вошел, взял книгу со стола и вышел из класса.
10. Мы работали а течение урока.
1. Заполните пропуски предлогами там, где это необходимо.
1. When did you return … home … the theatre?
2. There was a door … the end … the corridor.
3. Is the metro station far … your house?
4. I sat down … a bench … the monument … Columbus.
5. Early … the morning many lorries passed … our houses.
6. One … our friends lives … this street, near … the bus stop.
7. We enjoyed … our life … the South.
8. Would you like to join … us?
9. The children ran … the room … a great noise.
2. Выберите правильный вариант.
1. I hear he is looking at/for/after a job.
2. Could everyone please look at/for/after the lost keys?
3. My sister looks at/for/after the kids on Saturday
4. Why is she looking at/for/after me like that?
5. Look at/for/after those lovely flowers over there.
6. I’m looking at/ for/ after Tom. Have you seen him somewhere today?
7. This is very valuable. Please look at/for/after it.
8. I have lost my key. I’d better look at/for/after it.
9. I’ll see you again soon. Look at/for/ after yourself.
10. In the museum a lot of people were looking at/for/after the beautiful painting.
3. Зaполните пропуски предлогами.
Dover is a large town … the south east … England. It is a big busy port and an important link … Britain and Europe. Dover is sometimes called «the gateway … Europe». Cars, ferries, hovercraft and boats go … and … … the port every day.
There are many interesting places to see … Dover. There is a Roman lighthouse and remains … a Roman house. There is also an old castle … top … Castle Hill. If you like flowers and trees, there are some very beautiful gardens … the centre … the town. Dower is also famous … its chalk cliffs-the famous «White Cliffs of Dover».
4. Заполните пропуски необходимыми предлогами.
1. A few days ago I saw an interesting program … television.
2. «Winnie-the-Pooh» was written … A. Milne.
3. It’s often faster to walk than to go … bus.
4. You shouldn’t be anger … him.
5. It all depends … you.
6. This is only one problem … thousands of others in our city.
7. Sam left his car … the end of the street.
8. . ,I’ll see you … Friday … five o’clock
9. Scotland is famous … wool and whiskey.
5.Определите какой из 3х предлогов at, in, on подходит ко всем предложениям. Вставьте его вместо точек и перескажите текст по-английски.
Alone in the house.
Louise was at home alone last night for the first time, and she was frightened. Her brother was … a baseball game. Her parents were … meeting … her school. Louise decided to call her friends and invite them to come over and visit. Unfortunately, her friends weren’t home. Not one of them. Her friend Patty was … the movies … the cinema. Melissa was … the library. In the end, she called her friends Sane and Susan, but they weren’t home either. Jane and Susan were … a concert.
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